Practical labor intelligence for live events.

Union Rules, Costs &
Reality — City by City.

Built for event people by event people.

Worked a union call recently? Share your experience →

This site brings together community-reported insight on union jurisdictions, common work scopes, typical labor costs, and real-world experiences in the field. Shared anonymously, focused on practical realities, and written by people who've been there.

Not a union directory. Not legal advice. A practical field guide.

⚠ All community-reported data is anonymized. Source links are provided for hard facts where available. Rules, rates, and enforcement vary by contract, steward, and event. This is not legal advice. Verify with your union local and production attorney before the truck rolls.
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About State of the Unions

This site started as a shared document — a running list of what a small group of producers learned city by city. Which locals are reasonable. Which venues have rules that aren't in the contract. What to budget for. It grew, and people kept asking to see it. So we turned it into this.

Who runs this? Working producers. No lawyers, no union reps, no agenda. Not pro-union or anti-union — pro-information.

What we are
  • A community intelligence database for working event producers
  • Crowdsourced, anonymized, and community-moderated
  • Source links provided wherever hard facts are cited
  • Focused on process, costs, and advance planning
What we're not
  • Legal advice. Consult a production attorney for contracts.
  • A union directory or official resource
  • A platform to name individuals or post defamatory content
  • Perfect — rules change, stewards change, venues change
Submissions that name individuals, contain defamatory content, or appear to be bad-faith are removed. To flag a submission, use the flag icon on any entry.
Help Make This Better

Missing a city? Something wrong or outdated? Tell us — this is a community resource.

Contract & Field Glossary

The terms that show up in venue contracts, union riders, and exhibitor packets — decoded in plain English. If you've ever read a clause and thought "what does that actually mean for my show," this is the page.

Contract Language
"House Labor Only"
Red Flag
All physical labor on-site must be performed by the venue's contracted union crew. You, your crew, and your vendor's tech staff cannot touch equipment, move cases, run cable, or perform any physical task that a stagehand would normally do.
⚠ Budget for a full union call. Your AV vendor's techs become supervisors only. If you're used to your vendor's crew doing load-in and setup, that doesn't happen here.
→ Ask the venue: "Which tasks does 'house labor only' cover? Can my AV tech operate the console they programmed?"
"Local X Jurisdiction Applies"
Red Flag
A specific union local has a standing agreement with this venue. Any work falling within that local's defined scope must be performed by their members. The jurisdiction scope varies by local — IBEW usually covers electrical only; IATSE jurisdiction can cover everything from rigging to AV to load-in.
→ Google "[Local Name] collective bargaining agreement scope of work" to understand exactly what they cover before your call.
"Exclusive In-House AV"
Know This
The venue has an exclusive contract with a specific AV company (Encore, Freeman, etc.). You may be required — or strongly pressured — to use their services. Bringing in outside vendors may trigger additional fees or restrictions.
⚠ This is a revenue play by the venue, not a union rule. But it can interact with union jurisdiction: the in-house AV company may be the sole union-authorized operator of house systems.
→ Ask: "Can I bring my own AV vendor?" and "What are the patch/connection fees for outside vendors?" Get both answers in writing.
"Exhibitor-Appointed Contractor (EAC)"
Know This
At trade shows and expos, a vendor you bring in yourself rather than using the show's official general contractor. EACs are allowed at most shows but must follow the show's rules — and often must still use union labor for certain tasks on the show floor.
→ EAC forms are usually due 8–12 weeks before the show. Missing the deadline means you lose EAC rights and must use the official contractor at their rates.
"Drayage"
Red Flag
The movement of freight from a convention center's loading dock to your booth or event space — and back out again. At most convention centers, drayage is controlled by the official general contractor and is a Teamster jurisdiction task.
⚠ Drayage is often the biggest hidden cost at trade shows. It's charged by weight and can equal or exceed your shipping costs. Budget for it explicitly — it's not optional.
→ Always ask: "What is the drayage rate per hundredweight?" before finalizing your freight plan. Rates are posted in the exhibitor services kit.
"Minimum Call" / "4-Hour Minimum"
Red Flag
Any worker called to a job is paid for a minimum number of hours — typically 4 — regardless of actual work time. If you call in a stagehand for a 45-minute task, you owe them 4 hours.
⚠ Minimum calls apply per person. "We just need two people for an hour" = 2 people × 4-hour minimum = 8 billed person-hours.
"Meal Penalty"
Red Flag
If union crew work beyond a defined period without a meal break (usually 6 hours from call time), a penalty rate triggers per person and continues until a break is provided.
⚠ Stewards track this to the minute. "We'll grab food in a bit" does not pause the clock. Set a literal countdown timer the moment your call begins.
→ Build meal breaks into your schedule before the show. A scheduled 30-min break costs far less than 10 people on meal penalty for an hour.
"Show Call" vs. "Work Call"
Know This
A work call is labor for load-in, setup, or load-out. A show call is labor to run an active event. Different rules, rates, and sometimes minimum crew sizes apply to each. Not all contracts distinguish between them — confirm with your local.
Union Structure & People
"Steward"
Know This
The on-site union representative who monitors compliance with the collective bargaining agreement during your event. The steward is a working crew member — often the department head — who also has authority to flag violations and, in some cases, stop work.
→ Introduce yourself to the steward before the call starts. A cooperative relationship with the steward is the single biggest factor in how smoothly a union call goes.
"Business Agent (BA)"
The full-time union staff representative who manages contracts and relationships on behalf of the local. The BA is who you contact in advance to clarify jurisdiction, negotiate scope, or resolve a pre-show dispute. Not the same as the steward — different roles entirely.
→ For advance planning, always contact the BA. For day-of questions, go through the steward.
"General Contractor (GC)"
Know This
At large trade shows and expos, the show organizer contracts a single company (Freeman, GES/Fern, Shepard) to handle logistics, freight, and often labor for the entire show floor. Their rates are official but frequently high. You may be required to use them for certain services.
→ Read the GC's exhibitor services kit thoroughly before ordering anything. Many items can be sourced cheaper elsewhere if the contract allows.
"Local" (as in "Local 2")
A specific chapter of a national union, defined by geography and/or craft. IATSE Local 2 is Chicago's theatrical stage employees. IATSE Local 720 is Las Vegas. The national union sets broad rules; the local negotiates specific contracts with venues and sets rates. Every city has different locals with different rules.
"Right-to-Work State"
Know This
In right-to-work states (Florida, Texas, and others), workers cannot be required to join a union as a condition of employment. This weakens union enforcement power — but does NOT mean unions don't exist or that venue-specific union contracts don't apply.
→ "Right-to-work" ≠ "non-union." The OCCC in Orlando (right-to-work state FL) still has IATSE requirements. Always check the venue, not just the state law.
Rates & Billing
"Golden Time" / "Double Time"
Red Flag
Overtime rates after certain hour thresholds. Time-and-a-half (1.5×) typically kicks in after 8 hours; double-time (2×) after 10 or 12 hours. "Golden time" informally refers to double-time and beyond — some contracts have triple time after 16+ hours.
⚠ A show that runs 2 hours over can cost 3–4× the hourly rate per person. Build turn-time and overrun buffers into every schedule.
"Turnaround" / "Rest Period"
Know This
A mandatory minimum rest period between work calls. If crew works until 2am and the contract requires a 10-hour turnaround, you cannot call them before noon. Violating turnaround rules triggers penalty rates.
→ On multi-day shows, plan your load-out times with an eye on the next morning call. Back-to-back late nights get expensive fast.
"Scale"
The contractually set base hourly rate for a given classification, as defined in the collective bargaining agreement. "Working at scale" means paying the CBA minimum. Many jurisdictions allow rates above scale for experienced crew.
"Prevailing Wage"
A government-set minimum hourly rate for specific trades, typically for publicly funded projects. Less commonly relevant for private events, but useful as a baseline reference for local market rates. Published by each state's Department of Labor.
This glossary reflects common industry usage and community-reported experience. Contract language varies by venue, local, and CBA. Always review your specific contracts and consult a production attorney for legal interpretation.